Hydration & Heat

Hydration

Heat related illnesses are amongst one of the highest related causes of sports injury, illness and sometimes death. Summer can be an exceptionally hot period for both indoor and outdoor active individuals and athletes. So far during the summer of 2011 several high school players and coaches have either died from or experienced the symptoms of heat related illnesses caused from a deadly combination of dehydration and heat. Educating yourself is the first step, but you also have to learn how to listen to your body. 
 

·         Some physiological responses associated with dehydrated:

o   Increased heart rate & blood thickness causing an increase in the heart’s work load / An increase in muscle glycogen (sugar) usage leading to a decrease in energy for exercise and increased muscle cramping / Decrease in exercise capacity & performance leading to a shortened workout or even premature exercise exhaustion / Increased core temperature leading to excessive sweating and eventual sweat cessation (depleting the body’s natural ability to cool itself) / Decreased blood flow to organs and brain eventually leading to a systematic shut down / Increased injury risk due to lack of concentration

Signs and Symptoms (S/S), prevention and treatment of Common Heat Related Illnesses

o   Heat Syncope (Fainting)

§  S/S - Dizziness / Nausea / Fainting

§  Treatment - Lay down in a cool place with shade or go into an air conditioned building / Replace fluids

§  Prevention - Acclimatize to the heat (Acclimation may take as long as 10 days) / Begin exercise adequately hydrated

o   Exertional Heat Cramps

§  S/S - Muscle twitching and cramps / Usually the cramps are painful and occur in the legs, arms, or abdomen

§  Treatment - Ingest fluids with sodium and other electrolytes / Stretching / Ice massage the affected muscle

§  Prevention - Acclimatize to the heat / Drink adequate amounts of water prior to and during exercise / increase (calcium, sodium & potassium) electrolyte intakes

o   Exertional Heat Exhaustion

§  S/S - Excessive thirst, dry tongue and mouth / Fatigue and weakness / Mental dullness and incoordination / Elevated body temperature no higher than 103°F (temperature may appear normal or even low) / Profuse sweating and pale clammy skin

§  Treatment (may turn into a 911 emergency) - Rest in a cool room /Fluid replacement /Increase fluid intake to 6 to 8 l/d and keep a hydration journal / Keep record of pre and post exercise weight / IV if individual is unable to keep fluids down

§  Prevention - Drink adequate liquids prior to exercise /Allow for rest and cooling in between exercise sessions / Become acclimated to the heat before becoming a sports hero

o   Exertional Heatstroke

§  S/S - Headache, vertigo, and fatigue / Little to no sweating with flushed red skin / Rapid pulse rate and respiration / temperature ≥104°F / sensation of burning up / diarrhea and/or vomiting / physical collapse

§  Treatment - 911 emergency / sponge the body down with icy cold water or submerge in an ice bath / fan body / ice massage

§  Prevention - Drink adequate liquids prior to exercise /Allow for rest and cooling in between exercise sessions / Become acclimated to the heat before becoming a sports hero / educate athletes and active individuals about heat illness

o   Exertional hyponatremia (water poisoning or low sodium levels)

§  S/S - Progressively worsening headache, nausea and vomiting / swelling in the hands / lethargy or apathy / disorientation or lack of coordination

§  Treatment - 911 emergency / sodium levels must be increased and fluid levels decreased

§  Prevention - Hydration with sports drinks / fluid loss should = fluid intake / increase sodium intake

·         Hydration strategies

o   Pre- exercise hydration

§  Drink approximately 17 to 20 oz of water 2 hours before exercise and 8 to 10 oz of water or a sports drink (not an energy drink) 10-20 min before exercise

§  Weigh yourself before exercise

o   During exercise hydration

§  Consume 7 to 10 oz of water or sports drink every 10-20 min

§  Use a clear water bottle with volume measurements so you can see your water consumption

§  Water should be the beverage of choice for those exercising ≤ 1 hour, but those exercising ≥ 1 hour might want to supplement water or with a sports drink (no higher than an 8% concentration of carbohydrate) for extra energy and electrolytes

§ Over hydrating is just as dangerous as under hydrating – see exertional hyponatremia

o   Post-exercise

§  Weigh yourself / Subtract your post-weight from your pre-weight

§  1 lb of weight loss = 16 oz of water loss (3 lbs = 48 oz) / Replace your lost body weight in water within a two hour window.

Proper hydration is full of scientific formulas when done in the research facilities. But at the gym, field or court it is not so cut and dry. Remember, the moment you are thirsty you are already becoming dehydrated. Is not uncommon for athletes and active individuals to lose 2% of their body weight during exercise. Losing more than 2% can become detrimental to health and performance. There is better gastric emptying when larger quantities are consumed, so sipping is not necessarily better than drinking larger quantities. Prepare for your events; if you know that your next event will be somewhere that experiences extreme heat then train in the heat to acclimate yourself to those conditions. But play it smart, start out small with your outdoor exercise plan before going full force.

Please visit: Science of NFL Football: Nutrition, Hydration & Health to learn a little more about hydration and sports in the extreme heat. 

Sources

Casa, D. J., Armstrong, L. E., Hillman, S. K., Montain, S. J., Reiff, R. V., Rich, B. S. E., Roberts, W. O., & Stone, J. A. National athletic trainers' association position statement: Fluid replacement for athletes. Journal of Athletic Training, 35(2), 212-224.

   

Manore, M. M., Meyer, N. L., & Thompson, J. (2009). Fluid and electrolyte balance. Sports nutrition for health and performance (2nd ed., Chap. 8). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.

Prentice, W. E. (2010). Understanding the potential dangers of adverse environmental conditions. Essential of athletic injury (8th ed., Chap. 9). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. 

Science 360. (2011). Science of NFL Football: Nutrition, Hydration, and Health. Retrieved from the Science 360 website at: http://science360.gov/obj/tkn-video/7601b96e-95c9-4318-9755-14a7bdecaf64. 
 
Shirrefs, S. M. (2001). Restoration of fluid and electrolyte balance after exercise. Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology, 26(s), S228-S235.

Stretching Tidbits

Stretching Exercises Tidbit

Stretching is just as important in maintaining muscle tone and functionality as muscular resistance training. However, many athletes and individuals that exercise tend to forget to stretch. Maybe it is a lack of time, or maybe it is because they don't know how helpful stretching can be to their body.

·         Some benefits of stretching are:

o   Increased range of motion (ROM)

o   Reduction in the rate of muscle function decline that occurs with age

o   Improved posture

o   Stress reduction

o   Tension reduction

o   Looser more pliable muscles

o   Decreased muscle cramping

o   Reduced injury risk

o   Pain relief

o   Over all improved quality of life

·         A few basic facts about muscle and stretching

o   The muscle has two apparatuses that resist quick forces applied to the muscle to reduce injury risk

§  The muscle spindle

·         Reacts to the lengthening of the muscle

·         Promotes a muscular contraction when involuntary lengthening occurs

·         Acutely reduces the muscle’s ability to stretch

§  Golgi Tendon Organ (GTO)

·         The GTO resides within the muscle tendon junction

·         Sensitive to muscle tension and contraction

·         Acutely resists the muscles ability to generate a great force

·         Acutely resists the muscle ability to stretch

o   It takes generally 6 – 10  sec  for both the GTO and the muscle spindle to relax

§  Stretching should last a minimum of 15 sec

§  Preferably stretching should last for 2 – 4 sets of 30 sec

§  Can’t stretch for 30 sec?

·         Try to do the minimum time

·         If painful, then go just to the point of pain, pull back a bit and hold

·         Gradually increase ROM over time

·         Gradually increase your held stretch over time  

·         Stretching Techniques

o   Static (Passive)Stretching / Active-Assisted Stretching

§  Hold a position to just the point of pain or when a stretch is felt

§  Maintain the position for 15 – 30 sec

§  Repeat 2 – 4 times should last approximately 15 – 20 min

§  Choose at least 10 – 12 positions for each stretch session

§  Active-assisted simply involves a partner assisting your stretch

§  View an example

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o   Dynamic Stretching

§  Involves strong or full repetitive movements to move through the body’s ROM (can be performed slow and controlled)

§  Best  used as a warm-up

§  Perfect for runners, cyclist and other repetitive or power athletes

§  Perform 8 – 10 exercises / 3 – 4 sets / a set can be timed (30 sec) or 10 – 12 reps

§  View an example

________________________________________________

o    Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF)

§  Requires a partner for a more effective stretch (but can be performed with a towel or other inhibiting device)

§  Hold a passive stretch for 10 sec

§  Perform an active contraction and the partner resists your contraction for 6 -10 sec

§  Increase the passive stretch ROM and hold 6 - 10 sec

§  Repeat at least 3 times

§  View an example

·         Here is an example of self PNF – he uses a wall, but a towel would work

_______________________________________

o   Self Myofascial Release (SMR)

§  Releases the top layer of the muscle (fascia) from the muscle

§  Stretching with the use of a foam roller, ball or other compression devise

§  Highly effective and perfect at reforming areas of decreased flexibility

§  Move slow, don’t speed the roll.

§  Best used before a workout

§  Move down  and up the targeted muscle

§  Hold on painful area for 30 sec

§  Move to another painful spot and hold

§  Repeat 2 times on each targeted muscle

§  View an example

§  Why move slow

Sources

Biagioli, B. D. (2007). Flexibility Assessment & Programming. Advanced concepts of personal training (1st ed., Chap.16). National Council on Strength & Fitness.

Floyd, R. T. (2009). Neuromuscular Fundamentals. Manual of structural kinesiology (17th ed., Chap. 2). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill

Powers, S. K., Dodd, S. L., & Jackson, E. M. (2011). Improving flexibility. Total fitness & wellness (3rd ed., Chap. 5). San Fransisco, CA: Benjamin Cummings.


Prentice, W. E. (2010). Preventing injuries through fitness training. Essential of athletic injury (8th ed., Chap. 4). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.



All picture are from google.com/images

Videos are all from youtube.com

• Here are links to the videos in order

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-iY5V0xiiKw&feature=related

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KanJAWwcsqA

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HpatAJI0-pU

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-9D0IRoeIY0 

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OCIHZsESxOU

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bo1pGjKhKY4  

World Anti-Doping Agency's 2011 Prohibited Substance List

Many athletes take supplements. Athletes live in a world where being bigger, faster and stronger is better. For some athletes it is a matter of self determination to be the best. For others, it is simply a way for them to stay in the game. Not all athletes intentionally intend on taking a banned substance and not all athletes will be tested. Sometimes these substances can make their way into legal over the counter supplements. The FDA doesn't regulate supplements unless their have been a large enough complaint, and if they do regulate, it is primarily for the supplement in question.

As a former professional athlete I believe that it is important for all athletes to look into what they are taking. Make sure that you are not taking a supplement that might have one of the following listed as an ingredient. For if you do and you happen to test positive you might be banned.  

 

The World Anti-Doping Code

THE 2011 PROHIBITED LIST

INTERNATIONAL STANDARD

This list went into effect on 1 January, 2011

All Prohibited Substances shall be considered as “Specified Substances” except Substances in classes S1, S2.1 to S2.5, S.4.4 and S6.a, and Prohibited Methods M1, M2 and M3.

SUBSTANCES AND METHODS PROHIBITED AT ALL TIMES

(IN- AND OUT-OF-COMPETITION)

S0. NON-APPROVED SUBSTANCES

Any pharmacological substance which is not addressed by any of the subsequent sections of the List and with no current approval by any governmental regulatory health authority for human therapeutic use (i.e. drugs under pre-clinical or clinical development or discontinued) is prohibited at all times.

PROHIBITED SUBSTANCES

S1. ANABOLIC AGENTS

Anabolic agents are prohibited.

1. Anabolic Androgenic Steroids (AAS)

a. Exogenous* AAS, including:

1-androstenediol (5α-androst-1-ene-3β,17β-diol ); 1-androstenedione (5α-androst-1-ene-3,17-dione); bolandiol (19-norandrostenediol); bolasterone; boldenone; boldione (androsta-1,4-diene-3,17-dione); calusterone; clostebol; danazol (17α-ethynyl-17β-hydroxyandrost-4-eno[2,3-d]isoxazole); dehydrochlormethyltestosterone (4-chloro-17β-hydroxy-17α-methylandrosta-1,4-dien-3-one); desoxymethyltestosterone (17α-methyl-5α-androst-2-en-17β-ol); drostanolone; ethylestrenol (19-nor-17α-pregn-4-en-17-ol); fluoxymesterone; formebolone; furazabol (17β-hydroxy-17α-methyl-5α

androstano[2,3-c]-furazan); gestrinone; 4-hydroxytestosterone (4,17β-dihydroxyandrost-4-en-3-one); mestanolone; mesterolone; metenolone; methandienone (17β-hydroxy-17α-methylandrosta-1,4-dien-3-one); methandriol; methasterone (2α, 17α-dimethyl-5α-androstane-3-one-17β-ol); methyldienolone (17β-hydroxy-17α-methylestra-4,9-dien-3-one); methyl-1-testosterone (17β-hydroxy-17α-methyl-5α-androst-1-en-3-one); methylnortestosterone (17β-hydroxy-17α-methylestr-4-en-3-one); methyltestosterone; metribolone (methyltrienolone, 17β-hydroxy-17α-methylestra-4,9,11-trien-3-one); mibolerone; nandrolone; 19-norandrostenedione (estr-4-ene-3,17-dione); norboletone; norclostebol; norethandrolone; oxabolone; oxandrolone; oxymesterone; oxymetholone; prostanozol (17β-hydroxy-5α-androstano[3,2-c] pyrazole); quinbolone; stanozolol; stenbolone; 1-testosterone (17β-hydroxy-5α-androst-1-en-3-one); tetrahydrogestrinone (18a-homo-pregna-4,9,11-trien-17β-ol-3-one); trenbolone; and other substances with a similar chemical structure or similar biological effect(s).

b. Endogenous** AAS when administered exogenously:

androstenediol (androst-5-ene-3β,17β-diol); androstenedione (androst-4-ene-3,17-dione); dihydrotestosterone (17β-hydroxy-5α-androstan-3-one); prasterone (dehydroepiandrosterone, DHEA); testosterone

and the following metabolites and isomers:

5α-androstane-3α,17α-diol; 5α-androstane-3α,17β-diol; 5α-androstane-3β,17α-diol; 5α-androstane-3β,17β-diol; androst-4-ene-3α,17α-diol; androst-4-ene-3α,17β-diol; androst-4-ene-3β,17α-diol; androst-5-ene-3α,17α-diol; androst-5-ene-3α,17β-diol; androst-5-ene-3β,17α-diol; 4-androstenediol (androst-4-ene-3β,17β-diol); 5-androstenedione (androst-5-ene-3,17-dione); epi-dihydrotestosterone; epitestosterone; 3α-hydroxy-5α-androstan-17-one; 3β-hydroxy-5α-androstan-17-one; 19-norandrosterone; 19-noretiocholanolone.

2. Other Anabolic Agents, including but not limited to:

Clenbuterol, selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs), tibolone, zeranol, zilpaterol.

For purposes of this section:

* “exogenous” refers to a substance which is not ordinarily capable of being produced by the body naturally.

** “endogenous” refers to a substance which is capable of being produced by the body naturally.

S2. PEPTIDE HORMONES, GROWTH FACTORS AND RELATED SUBSTANCES

The following substances and their releasing factors are prohibited:

1. Erythropoiesis-Stimulating Agents [e.g. erythropoietin (EPO), darbepoetin (dEPO), hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) stabilizers, methoxy polyethylene glycol-epoetin beta (CERA), peginesatide (Hematide)];

2. Chorionic Gonadotrophin (CG) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH) in males;

3. Insulins;

4. Corticotrophins;

5. Growth Hormone (GH), Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 (IGF-1), Fibroblast Growth Factors (FGFs), Hepatocyte Growth Factor (HGF), Mechano Growth Factors (MGFs), Platelet-Derived Growth Factor (PDGF), Vascular-Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) as well as any other growth factor affecting muscle, tendon or ligament protein synthesis/degradation, vascularisation, energy utilization, regenerative capacity or fibre type switching; and other substances with similar chemical structure or similar biological effect(s).

S3. BETA-2 AGONISTS

All beta-2 agonists (including both optical isomers where relevant) are prohibited except salbutamol (maximum 1600 micrograms over 24 hours) and salmeterol when taken by inhalation in accordance with the manufacturers’ recommended therapeutic regime.

The presence of salbutamol in urine in excess of 1000 ng/mL is presumed not to be an intended therapeutic use of the substance and will be considered as an Adverse Analytical Finding unless the Athlete proves, through a controlled pharmacokinetic study, that the abnormal result was the consequence of the use of a therapeutic dose (maximum 1600 micrograms over 24 hours) of inhaled salbutamol.

S4. HORMONE ANTAGONISTS AND MODULATORS

The following classes are prohibited:

1. Aromatase inhibitors including, but not limited to: aminoglutethimide, anastrozole, androsta-1,4,6-triene-3,17-dione (androstatrienedione), 4-androstene-3,6,17 trione (6-oxo), exemestane, formestane, letrozole, testolactone.

2. Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) including, but not limited to: raloxifene, tamoxifen, toremifene.

3. Other anti-estrogenic substances including, but not limited to: clomiphene, cyclofenil, fulvestrant.

4. Agents modifying myostatin function(s) including, but not limited, to: myostatin inhibitors.

S5. DIURETICS AND OTHER MASKING AGENTS

Masking agents are prohibited. They include:

Diuretics, desmopressin, plasma expanders (e.g. glycerol; intravenous administration of albumin, dextran, hydroxyethyl starch and mannitol), probenecid; and other substances with similar biological effect(s).

Diuretics include:

Acetazolamide, amiloride, bumetanide, canrenone, chlorthalidone, etacrynic acid, furosemide, indapamide, metolazone, spironolactone, thiazides (e.g. bendroflumethiazide, chlorothiazide, hydrochlorothiazide), triamterene; and other substances with a similar chemical structure or similar biological effect(s) (except drosperinone, pamabrom and topical dorzolamide and brinzolamide, which are not prohibited).

The use In- and Out-of-Competition, as applicable, of any quantity of a substance subject to threshold limits (i.e. salbutamol, morphine, cathine, ephedrine, methylephedrine and pseudoephedrine) in conjunction with a diuretic or other masking agent requires the deliverance of a specific Therapeutic Use Exemption for that substance in addition to the one granted for the diuretic or other masking agent.

PROHIBITED METHODS

M1. ENHANCEMENT OF OXYGEN TRANSFER

The following are prohibited:

1. Blood doping, including the use of autologous, homologous or heterologous blood or red blood cell products of any origin.

2. Artificially enhancing the uptake, transport or delivery of oxygen, including, but not limited to, perfluorochemicals, efaproxiral (RSR13) and modified haemoglobin products (e.g. haemoglobin-based blood substitutes, microencapsulated haemoglobin products), excluding supplemental oxygen.

M2. CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL MANIPULATION

The following is prohibited:

1. Tampering, or attempting to tamper, in order to alter the integrity and validity of Samples collected during Doping Control is prohibited. These include but are not limited to catheterisation, urine substitution and/or adulteration (e.g. proteases).

2. Intravenous infusions are prohibited except for those legitimately received in the course of hospital admissions or clinical investigations.

3. Sequential withdrawal, manipulation and reinfusion of whole blood into the circulatory system is prohibited.

M3. GENE DOPING

The following, with the potential to enhance sport performance, are prohibited:

1. The transfer of nucleic acids or nucleic acid sequences;

2. The use of normal or genetically modified cells;

3. The use of agents that directly or indirectly affect functions known to influence performance by altering gene expression. For example, Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor δ (PPARδ) agonists (e.g. GW 1516) and PPARδ-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) axis agonists (e.g. AICAR) are prohibited.

SUBSTANCES AND METHODS

PROHIBITED IN-COMPETITION

In addition to the categories S0 to S5 and M1 to M3 defined above, the following categories are prohibited In-Competition:

PROHIBITED SUBSTANCES

S6. STIMULANTS

All stimulants (including both optical isomers where relevant) are prohibited, except imidazole derivatives for topical use and those stimulants included in the 2011 Monitoring Program*.

Stimulants include:

a: Non-Specified Stimulants:

Adrafinil; amfepramone; amiphenazole; amphetamine; amphetaminil; benfluorex; benzphetamine; benzylpiperazine; bromantan; clobenzorex; cocaine; cropropamide; crotetamide; dimethylamphetamine; etilamphetamine; famprofazone; fencamine; fenetylline; fenfluramine; fenproporex; furfenorex; mefenorex; mephentermine; mesocarb; methamphetamine(d-); p-methylamphetamine; methylenedioxyamphetamine; methylenedioxymethamphetamine; modafinil; norfenfluramine; phendimetrazine; phenmetrazine; phentermine; 4-phenylpiracetam (carphedon); prenylamine; prolintane.

A stimulant not expressly listed in this section is a Specified Substance.

b: Specified Stimulants (examples):

Adrenaline**; cathine***; ephedrine****; etamivan; etilefrine; fenbutrazate; fencamfamin; heptaminol; isometheptene; levmetamfetamine; meclofenoxate; methylephedrine****; methylhexaneamine (dimethylpentylamine); methylphenidate; nikethamide; norfenefrine; octopamine; oxilofrine; parahydroxyamphetamine; pemoline; pentetrazol; phenpromethamine; propylhexedrine; pseudoephedrine*****; selegiline; sibutramine; strychnine; tuaminoheptane; and other substances with a similar chemical structure or similar biological effect(s).

* The following substances included in the 2011 Monitoring Program (bupropion, caffeine, phenylephrine, phenylpropanolamine, pipradol, synephrine) are not considered as Prohibited Substances.

** Adrenaline associated with local anaesthetic agents or by local administration (e.g. nasal, ophthalmologic) is not prohibited.

*** Cathine is prohibited when its concentration in urine is greater than 5 micrograms per milliliter.

**** Each of ephedrine and methylephedrine is prohibited when its concentration in urine is greater than 10 micrograms per milliliter.

***** Pseudoephedrine is prohibited when its concentration in urine is greater than 150 micrograms per milliliter.

S7. NARCOTICS

The following are prohibited:

Buprenorphine, dextromoramide, diamorphine (heroin), fentanyl and its derivatives, hydromorphone, methadone, morphine, oxycodone, oxymorphone, pentazocine, pethidine.

S8. CANNABINOIDS

Natural (e.g. cannabis, hashish, marijuana) or synthetic delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabimimetics [e.g. “Spice” (containing JWH018, JWH073), HU-210] are prohibited.

S9. GLUCOCORTICOSTEROIDS

All glucocorticosteroids are prohibited when administered by oral, intravenous, intramuscular or rectal routes.

SUBSTANCES PROHIBITED IN PARTICULAR SPORTS

P1. ALCOHOL

Alcohol (ethanol) is prohibited In-Competition only, in the following sports. Detection will be conducted by analysis of breath and/or blood. The doping violation threshold (haematological values) is 0.10 g/L.

• Aeronautic (FAI)

• Archery (FITA)

• Automobile (FIA)

• Karate (WKF)

• Motorcycling (FIM)

• Ninepin and Tenpin Bowling (FIQ)

• Powerboating (UIM)

P2. BETA-BLOCKERS

Unless otherwise specified, beta-blockers are prohibited In-Competition only, in the following sports.

• Aeronautic (FAI)

• Archery (FITA) (also prohibited Out-of-Competition)

• Automobile (FIA)

• Billiards and Snooker (WCBS)

• Bobsleigh and Skeleton (FIBT)

• Boules (CMSB)

• Bridge (FMB)

• Curling (WCF)

• Darts (WDF)

• Golf (IGF)

• Motorcycling (FIM)

• Modern Pentathlon (UIPM) for disciplines involving shooting

• Ninepin and Tenpin Bowling (FIQ)

• Powerboating (UIM)

• Sailing (ISAF) for match race helms only

• Shooting (ISSF, IPC) (also prohibited Out-of-Competition)

• Skiing/Snowboarding (FIS) in ski jumping, freestyle aerials/halfpipe and snowboard halfpipe/big air

• Wrestling (FILA)

Beta-blockers include, but are not limited to, the following:

Acebutolol, alprenolol, atenolol, betaxolol, bisoprolol, bunolol, carteolol, carvedilol, celiprolol, esmolol, labetalol, levobunolol, metipranolol, metoprolol, nadolol, oxprenolol, pindolol, propranolol, sotalol, timolol

__________________________

How and Why Might an Athlete Be Tested for Drug/Doping Usage? 

Who is WADA and what do they do?

Sources:

World Anti-Doping Agency. (2011). Substances and methods prohibited at all times. Retrieved from the World Anti-Doping Agency website: http://www.wada-ama.org/en/World-Anti-Doping-Program/Sports-and-Anti-Doping-Organizations/International-Standards/Prohibited-List/The-2011-Prohibited-List/Prohibited-at-All-Times/


Video 1: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sWhudwnE3Fg&feature=player_embedded


Video 2: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ECLeMhW98ic